I am certain you will already have been impressed with the warmth of your welcome, with the beautiful surroundings and with the friendliness of the people.

With Alfred Sheinwold, who died in March, Kaplan created the Kaplan-Sheinwold bidding system, still in use by many players. In 1967, he became editor and publisher of The Bridge World, which will continue to be published despite his death. Kaplan was recognized as the world's foremost authority on the laws of duplicate and rubber bridge.

He became co-chairman of the ACBL Laws Commission in 1978 and was co-chairman of the WBF Laws Commission at the time of his death. His influence in appeals hearings was monumental. Said Wolff: "No one could come close to competing with him because of his knowledge of the English language, and he would have been an absolutely wonderful lawyer. He was soft when he needed to be, hard when he needed to be, and he could deal with four different people four different ways."

Kaplan was honored at many levels and by many organizations. In 1979, he was selected as the Bridge Personality of the Year by the International Bridge Press Association. He was named ACBL Honorary Member in 1993. In 1995 he was inducted into the ACBL Bridge Hall of Fame and the WBF Hall of Fame. Early in his career, he taught the game at his card school and wrote several books on bridge. He also was a member of the ACBL Board of Directors for many years. Beyond all of Kaplan's other accomplishments, what made him the idol of the masses was his peerless work as a vugraph commentator. His dry wit and flawless timing kept vugraph audiences enthralled around the world.

He was droll without being aloof and projected a deep knowledge of the game without being pedantic. "Edgar was the best ever on vugraph," said Wolff. Even after he learned that cancer had invaded his body, Kaplan maintained his sense of humor and an optimistic outlook. In an interview published in The Bridge Bulletin last year, Kaplan noted that the various honors being accorded him were being given "as if they'd better hurry. But I intend to fool them. I intend to stick around."

For another year and a half, Kaplan fought valiantly. He amazed all observers by traveling to Rhodes, Greece, for the World Team Olympiad in the fall of 1996. He had also hoped to make it to Hammamet for the Bermuda Bowl. Kaplan enjoyed most of his success as a player with Norman Kay, a fast friend for 50 years. Said Kay: "It is difficult for my wife Judy and me to envision life without Edgar, but our cherished memories of his delightful humor, lightning wit, articulate deliverance and great reserve, yet underlying warmth, must sustain us all in the days ahead."

The 1997 European Championships were the biggest yet with 35 teams in the Open series, 24 in the Women, and 158 pairs in the Women’s Pairs.

Winners of the Women’s Championship were Great Britain, for the first time since 1981, with France and Israel taking the silver and bronze medals respectively. Great Britain and France are joined by Germany, the Venice Cup holders, and the Netherlands, here in Hammamet. Also, Italy have replaced Israel who, unfortunately, couldn’t make it to these championships.

The Open series saw Italy retain the title they had won two years earlier in Vilamoura, leading almost throughout the event. The silver medal went to Poland and the bronze to Norway. Denmark and France complete the European representation in Hammamet.

Midway through the championship, the Italian champions to be met second placed Spain on vugraph. Spain, who are a much improved team in recent years, were to hold down a qualifying place for most of the tournament, fading only in the last couple of days. The match featured some of the most interesting bridge of the championships, including:

Board 12. Dealer West. E/W Game 10 7 5 A 7 4 7 5 3 10 8 5 3 8 6 3 2 K Q J J 9 5 8 6 3 A 9 K J 10 2 K 9 7 2 J 6 4 A 9 4 K Q 10 2 Q 8 6 4 A Q

Lanzarotti opened 1 on the South cards and rebid 1NT over Buratti’s 1 response, while Lanteron opened 1NT. Both played there on a spade lead.

Lanzarotti ducked the opening lead but won the second spade and exited with a third round. Frances won and switched to J, ducked, and a second diamond to the ace. Torres cashed the thirteenth spade, dummy pitching a club and Frances a heart. Declarer thought he had no legitimate line from here, perhaps, and threw Q, hoping that West would play him for AQJ and not switch to the suit. Now he could lead towards Q for his seventh trick. But Torres made no mistake, switching to a low club, and Frances played low, leaving Lanzarotti no option but to cash out for one down; –50.

Lanteron did rather better in the other room, though it took the vugraph audience a long time to see that he was going to succeed. He won the third spade and exited with a low diamond, and Duboin was allowed to win the nine. He cashed the last spade – club, heart and diamond discard. Now Duboin cashed A to avoid a later endplay, to the applause of the audience, and switched to a heart. Lanteron began to cash the hearts and it suddenly dawned on one or two of the watchers that the contract was destined to come home. What was east to pitch on the fourth heart? Obliged to keep K, Bocchi had to throw a club and now Lanteron could play ace and queen of clubs, pinning the jack, and dummy’s ten made the last trick. A nicely played +90 and 4 IMPs to Spain.

Board 20. Dealer West. Game All J 8 6 K Q A Q 6 J 10 8 4 3 K 9 4 7 5 2 A 6 3 J 10 9 4 K 8 7 9 5 4 3 2 Q 9 7 6 5 A Q 10 3 8 7 5 2 J 10 A K 2

Both Norths declared 3NT but there was a crucial difference in the auctions. Lorenzo Lauria had opened 1 with the West cards while José Torres had passed. Both Easts led J to the ace and the 6 was returned to the king. Now the roads diverged.

Bocchi led a spade to the queen at trick three and Torres ducked smoothly. Bocchi played three rounds of clubs and Torres won and switched to 8. Can Bocchi be blamed for rising with the ace and relying on the spade finesse? After all, that finesse had already scored once and to take the diamond finesse would only be correct when West had passed a 12-count and found this devilish defense. In fact, Frances had thrown enough spades on the clubs that Bocchi knew not to finesse again so was only one down; -100.

Of course, Bocchi would probably have gone down even had Torres taken the spade and led his last heart. He must discard twice from hand on the hearts and has to commit himself to either the diamond finesse or bringing in the clubs and is likely to plump for the latter, losing option. Goded, who had seen Lauria open the bidding remember, tried a different line. At trick three he played a club to dummy then led a diamond. Lauria made life as awkward as he could by covering, leaving the suit blocked. Now Goded played a spade to the queen. In practice, Lauria took the K and led a heart and declarer had the communications to unravel the diamonds for nine tricks; +600 and 12 IMPs to Spain.

Suppose that Lauria ducks the spade. On the actual lie, it is good enough to unblock the diamond and lead a low spade towards the jack. West can take the king and the defense takes its heart tricks but the J is an entry to the diamond and the K to the A. But if clubs are 3-2 that is not good enough as East can play a club through after cashing the hearts. Now declarer can cash either A or Q but not both and is one down. Instead, if the Q scores declarer must play three rounds of clubs. Again the defense take their hearts but now declarer needs only two diamond tricks to go with two spades, four clubs and a heart, so can overtake the jack with the queen to get to hand.

Board 21. Dealer North. N/S Game 6 2 A J 7 6 A K 10 K 9 8 5 A Q J 3 9 4 9 Q 5 3 2 9 6 3 J 5 4 2 A Q 10 7 4 J 6 2 K 10 8 7 5 K 10 8 4 Q 8 7 3 Open Room West North East South Torres Buratti Frances Lanzarotti 1NT Pass 2 Dble Redble Pass 2 Pass 3 Pass 4 All Pass

With three top losers and unfavourable breaks in both majors, 4 is doomed to fail. But the auction convinced Torres to try the A and after this opening lead careful play duly saw Duboin home for a great +620.

Closed Room West North East South Duboin Goded Bocchi Lanteron 1 Pass 1(1) Pass 1NT Pass 2 Pass 3 All Pass (1) Spades

With declarer having shown a spade suit, there would have been no temptation for Lauria to lead A so the Spanish pair did the best they could by stopping in 3, but even that proved to be too high when Lanteron misjudged the play. Lauria led a diamond and declarer won on table to play a spade to the king and ace. The diamond continuation was also won in dummy and a second spade played to the ten and queen. Lauria played a third diamond and Lanteron won and led 7, ruffing low when the three appeared. Versace did well now, pitching a club. Lanteron was in the wrong hand now and led a low club off the dummy. Versace went in with the jack and switched to a low trump for the nine and jack and declarer ruffed a club to hand and led another spade.

When he again ruffed low, Versace could over-ruff and play another trump and the contract was one light; -100 and 12 IMPs to Italy. While it was likely that West had the Q because Versace had been unable to over-ruff earlier, the actual position was surely more likely than that West was now void in clubs as that would have given East A Q J 10 6 2 and he might have bid at some point. That being the case, ruffing the spade high and playing to ruff a club with 10 would ensure the contract.

Board 23. Dealer South. Game All K 10 8 9 7 6 Q 6 2 A 9 3 2 9 4 A 6 5 3 A 8 K Q 5 2 A K 7 5 3 J 9 Q J 7 5 K 8 4 Q J 7 2 J 10 4 3 10 8 4 10 6

Both East-West pairs had a free run to 3NT by East and both Duboin and Lanteron led 2 to the king. Frances and Versace both ducked two rounds of spades and won the third round to play a 8 to the queen and ace. Perhaps North should duck the club but the position was awkward enough when he won and returned a low club.

Frances ran the club to dummy's jack and played a third round to his king. Now his sights were clearly set on a squeeze as he exited with his last spade. Duboin won and in turn exited with a diamond to dummy's ace. Frances cashed the other top diamond and would have been home had either defender held four hearts along with the 9 or sole guard of the diamonds. When neither of those eventualities materialised, he had to concede one down; -100.

Versace won the club return in hand. The winning play now is to pass the J to North but versace tried the 9 instead. Lanteron was alert enough to cover with the ten, forcing Versace to win the ace. Now he cashed the other top diamond and Goded threw his queen, leaving Lanteron with the eight as an entry if Versace tried to establish the suit. Versace now played four rounds of hearts, hoping to find North winning the fourth round and obliged to lead into dummy's J 7 at trick twelve (note the importance of unblocking the 8 at trick four). But South had the long heart along with two winners so Verscace was two down; -200 and 3 IMPs to Spain.

A nicely played and defended hand but what if Versace, instead of cashing the hearts, had cashed dummy’s }J? South would have been squeezed in the red suits to see the contract home.

The match ended in a 15-15 draw, satisfactory for both sides in the circumstances.

Zia has represented his native Pakistan with great dignity and unsurpassed ability on many occasions. Twice he led Pakistan to incredible heights - second place in the Bermuda Bowl in Westchester, New York, in 1981 and second place in the Rosenblum Teams in Miami Beach in 1986.

This time it's different - Zia is representing the United States in the Bermuda Bowl. "But I am still a Pakistani, not an American," he said as he relaxed by the pool here in Hammamet. "I am proud and happy to be representing America, but my Pakistani identity is in no way submerged. I feel like a Pakistani who is living in America and playing for America."

To prove his point, Zia asked that we be sure to see how his American team comes to the table for the opening match. "Our whole team will be dressed in Pakistani outfits. I consider this to be a noble and warm gesture on the part of my American teammates. I feel that my whole team is Pakistani at heart." Of course Zia will be ecstatic if his team wins the Bermuda Bowl - but he's not at all sure it will be the biggest bridge thrill of his life. "It's one thing if you win a world championship surrounded by some of the best players in the world. It's something else again to place second in the Bermuda Bowl and the Rosenblum Teams with a motley group of pirates - my courageous countrymen -- who made up for their lack of experience and ability with their intense desire to play like champions against the best the world had to offer."

For his part, Zia is happy to be in a country like the United States - a country that "opens its arms to the whole world. It's a major part of the American heritage that this country acts as a cauldron for persons from all nations of the world. Because of this heritage, Pakistan can benefit greatly from my appearance on an American team - a win with me on the team will be a huge boost for Pakistan.

" Does all this mean that Zia will never again play for Pakistan? No way! "The time may come when I return home and lead Pakistan into the world championships again." As for the Bermuda Bowl competition, Zia believes this is the strongest field ever to compete in this event. "This field is so strong that it is premature to think about winning. Our focus is on qualifying - I don't want to go home a week early."

There's one thing Zia would change if he were in charge of the world championships. "I would reduce the number of systems and conventions everybody could play. Maybe just Stayman and Blackwood would be enough. Then I could be looking at all the beautiful girls in the pool instead of studying defense here with Michael (Michael Rosenberg, his partner)."

Zia realizes that bridge has not done all that well in promoting the game as a spectator sport. "But I think computers can make the difference. We have already reached the point where players all over the world can follow a major tournament by bringing the game up on the Internet. We have just started in this area, and it should get better and better as we learn more about how to do things. Watching bridge on the computer may be the answer to increasing the popularity of our game."